This working paper provides an overview of the current status of green fiscal policy (GFP) in Kenya, key challenges and opportunities for further green fiscal policy reforms. The paper also reviews government revenues and expenditures and analyses the potential for GFP in selected key sectors of the economy, including forestry, energy, mining and oil, water fisheries and wildlife.

The Government of Vietnam (GoV) has conducted a Climate Public Expenditure and Investment Review (CPEIR) with the support of the World Bank and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The review examined Vietnam’s policies and climate change expenditure for the period 2010–2013 from five ministries (MONRE, MOIT, MARD, MOC, and MOT) and three provinces (Bac Ninh, Quang Nam and An Giang).

The term environmental fiscal reform (EFR) means different things to different people. In this report, we will take EFR to mean: a range of taxation or pricing instruments that can raise revenue, while simultaneously furthering environmental goals. This is achieved by providing economic incentives to correct market failure in the management of natural resources and the control of pollution.

The (economic) welfare disaster risk in a country can be reduced by reducing the exposure or vulnerability of people and assets (reducing asset losses), increasing macroeconomic resilience (reducing aggregate consumption losses for a given level of asset losses), or increasing microeconomic resilience (reducing welfare losses for a given level of aggregate consumption losses). The paper proposes rules of thumb to estimate macroeconomic and microeconomic resilience based on the relevant parameters in the economy.

This methodological framework for disaster risk assessment and risk financing is intended to help finance ministries and other governmental authorities in developing more effective disaster risk management strategies and, in particular, financial strategies, building on strengthened risk assessment and risk financing.

For the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change, China pledged to reduce the carbon dioxide (CO2) intensity of GDP by 60–65 percent below 2005 levels by 2030. This paper develops a practical spreadsheet tool for evaluating a wide range of national level fiscal and regulatory policy options for reducing CO2 emissions in China in terms of their impacts on emissions, revenue, premature deaths from local air pollution, household and industry groups, and overall economic welfare.

Climate change is already affecting communities across the United States. This report outlines the contours of fiscal risk through five program-specific assessments: crop insurance, health care, wildfire suppression, hurricane-related disaster relief, and Federal facility flood risk. These programs were assessed because they are directly influenced by climate change, they have strong links to the Federal Budget, and quantitative scientific and economic models regarding the likely magnitude of impacts were available. This report also considers potential impacts to Federal revenues.

The Climate Change Public Expenditure and Institutional Review (CCPEIR) Sourcebook identifies the key issues that central finance and planning agencies will need to consider and the various approaches taken in dealing with the technical, policy, and institutional issues that are likely to arise in the response to climate change.

Developing countries are disproportionately affected by the rising trend of losses from climate-related extreme events. These losses are projected to continue to increase in future, driven by climate change and the accumulation of people and assets in high-risk areas. Effective climate change policies are needed to reduce the accumulation of risk, combined with instruments and tools to help retain, share or transfer financial losses if an extreme event occurs.

The term ‘green jobs’ can refer to employment in a narrowly defined set of industries providing environmental services. But it is more useful for the policy-maker to focus on the broader issue of the employment consequences of policies to correct environmental externalities such as anthropogenic climate change. Most of the literature focuses on direct employment created, with more cursory treatment of indirect and induced job creation, especially that arising from macroeconomic effects of policies.